See dunkalēn on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "donkelen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*duncalon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "dunkeln"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "tunkelen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "dunkeln"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "dunkelen"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "tunkalēn"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*dunkal",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dunkal"
],
[
"*-ēn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ēn#Proto-West_Germanic:_stative-fientive"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dunkal",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "dark"
},
"expansion": "*dunkal (“dark”) + *-ēn",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *dunkal (“dark”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*dunkalēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dunkalēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become dark or gloomy"
],
"id": "en-dunkalēn-gmw-pro-verb-CHek0tXo",
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dunkalēn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "donkelen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*duncalon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "dunkeln"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "tunkelen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "dunkeln"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "dunkelen"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "tunkalēn"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*dunkal",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dunkal"
],
[
"*-ēn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ēn#Proto-West_Germanic:_stative-fientive"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dunkal",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "dark"
},
"expansion": "*dunkal (“dark”) + *-ēn",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *dunkal (“dark”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkalēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dunkal?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*dunkalēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dunkalēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become dark or gloomy"
],
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dunkalēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dunkalēn meaning in All languages combined (4.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.